Kenya's Sociolinguistic Profile

By Kitty Lee on September 07, 2010
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According to Webb & Kembo Sure (2000:47), Kenya has a population of approximately 24 million and is home to 42 languages, which largely correspond to the 40 ethnic groups plus Kiswahili and English. Several of these languages have a sizeable number of speakers, for example Kikuyu (spoken by 20% of the population), Dholuo (spoken by 14%), Luluya (spoken by 13%), Kikamba (spoken by 11 %), Kalenjin (also spoken by 11%), Ekigusi (spoken by 6.5%), and Kimeru (spoken by 5% of the population). Kiswahili has a long history as a lingua franca in the area, and it had already been present as such for several centuries, when English was introduced to the area in the nineteenth century (cf. Michieka, 2005:176). At that time Cartier Roadster Replica British settlers arrived, following the establishment of trade with the region. As a result, English was used in administration, in law and in the many institutions of education which the British established (cf. Zuengler,Cartier Rose Gold Plated Bracelet with Diamonds, 1982; Mazrui & Mazrui, 1996; and more recently Michieka, 2005).

For many Kenyans, this array of languages implies that they can potentially draw on all of these various resources to conduct their communicative activities depending on situational demands. Below is a quote from Webb & Kembo Sure (2000:100), who envisage what this might look like for one young Kenyan: An urban Kenyan boy will wake up on a Sunday morning and use his mother tongue (maybe Kikuyu, Dholuo, Suba,Cartier bangle bracelet, Maasai, or Tugen) with his family, go out to buy bread from a nearby shop and use Kiswahili to negotiate the purchase with the vendor. On his way home from the kiosk, he meets a friend with whom he might speak Sheng, or a mixture of Sheng, Kiswahili, and English. After breakfast, he goes to church, where the service may be in English or Kiswahili, depending on the socio-economic status of the family and the surrounding community. At school the next day, he speaks English in all his lessons except for the Kiswahili lesson. On the playground, depending on the type of school he attends, he uses Kiswahili and English. If it is a high-cost private school, the usual playground language is English, whereas at the less expensive public schools it may be either English or Kiswahili. When he goes to the headmaster's office, the boy may use Kiswahili to address the secretary, but he will certainly speak English to the headmaster.

However, it is largely privileged individuals who have a high command of several languages, including English and the different forms it assumes in Kenya but also abroad. They can choose from a wide spectrum of linguistic features and select those features which they consider suitable to construct their identities. But this is not the case for large parts of the population. The linguistic repertoire of a Kenyan individual 'is largely determined by the speaker's ethnic background (which usually correlates with regional origin), social and economic status, and educational achievement' (Skandera, 2003:18). Webb & Kembo-Sure, (2000:47) estimate that approximately 16% of Kenyans know English as a second language. At the same time, English is 'assumed to be of little importance' (Skandera, 2003:19) for those 90% of the Kenyan population who live outside of the larger Kenyan cities, although Kenyans who have attended school will generally have some knowledge of English, since the educational system implies the use of English as a medium of instruction from year four Omega Seamaster Replica onwards. By many, then, 'English is acquired only through the educational system' (Kanyoro, 1991:415; Michieka, 2005), which implies that for most Kenyans access to English, is restricted to the input they receive from their teachers.

Overt prestige is associated with KenE, the endonormative variety of English which has developed in Kenya (cf. Kembo Sure, 1991). Besides this indigenized form, American English has started to play an increasingly important role, due to its presence in the media and in popular culture. Especially in the urban centers of Kenya, the younger generations identify with what might be called a global hip-hop culture which is transmitted via music and also by the promotional videos accompanying the individual songs, and by interviews with hip-hop and rap artists. Lately, Americanized forms - or even forms which originate from African American Vernacular English - have also been found to occur frequently in SMSes (cf. Thurlow, 2003; Frehner, 2008). Besides English, members of the affluent middle class also encounter a variety of other non-local languages, not only through the media but also through deliberate, instructed language learning. In addition to the languages that have already been mentioned, the above quote introduces a code called Sheng, one of the two mixed languages which exist in Kenya today.

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Automobiles Have Been Designed Which Operate On Liquid Hydrogen

By Kitty Lee on August 05, 2010
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Automobiles have been designed which operate on liquid hydrogen, but these systems give rise to seemingly unavoidable problems arising from the handling of a cryogenic liquid. For instance, liquid hydrogen is expensive, results in considerable fuel loss due to hydrogen evaporation and creates substantial engineering problems. In addition, the liquefaction process requires significant energy input, up to 60% of the hydrogen' s energy content. Current research is on some of the limitations of j liquid hydrogen. One particular area of study is directed at efficient insulation of storage tanks to reduce hydrogen losses. Generally, liquid hydrogen is stored in vacuum jacketed, multilayer insulated tanks. For instance, automobiles converted to operate on liquid hydrogen have utilized storage tanks with an inner and outer aluminum shell.

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The thermal insulation is provided by twenty-five layers of aluminum foil separated by glass fabric and twenty-five layers of aluminized mylar.The multilayer insulations is evacuated and contains absorbent. The use of liquid hydrogen as a fuel for larger turbine engines which operate aircraft and marine vessels has also been proposed. (64)While some experimental hydrogen powered aircraft have made it from the drawing board to the airways, economical and technical difficulties have prevented many designs from reaching practical development.lt may in fact turn out,Cartier ballon blue on sale, as some experts have suggested, that the use of liquid hydrogen, particularly for automobile use, is simply technically unrealistic only time will provide the answer.

When the landlord learned that I and my agents were artists, our party rose perceptibly in his esteem; we rose still higher when he learned that we were making a pedestrian1 tour of Europe. He told us all about the Heidelberg road, and which were the best places to Breitling Replica Watches avoid and which the best ones to tarry at; he charged me less than cost for the things I broke in the night; he put up a fine luncheon for us and added to it a quantity of great light-green plums, the pleasantest fruit in Germany; he was so anxious to do us honor that he would not allow us to walk out of Heilbronn, but called up Gotz von Berlichingen' s horse and cab and made us ride.

The solution to the hydrogen storage problem, in automobiles at least, may well be interstitial metallic hydrides (Sit%9).Hydrogen, being a small molecule, may be absorbed into the holes in the crystal lattice (111 $J )of metals in much the same way as a sponge absorbs water. By adjusting the temperature and/or pressure of the metal hydride, the absorbed hydrogen may be readily discharged at a suitable combustion rate to fuel an engine.

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Jewelry Exporters All Set For Christmas Carnival

By Amit Saxena on November 29, 2010
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"India is no longer a rising power but has already risen! "

Many wonder, what made US president Barack Obama make such a huge statement. Economists back home feel, a big consumption market and the ever increasing high disposable income of our young generation could be the key factors.

Just as I am writing this article, news have poured in that WGC (World Gold Council) has confirmed the recovery in the jewellery market due to record sales in India and China. The third quarter report confirms a growth of 12% Y-o-Y. This report has based its findings on the figures that India bought nearly 50 tonnes, or 36 per cent, more gold jewellery in the third quarter than in the same period of the previous year, while China lifted its gold consumption by 16 per cent. It further reveals that - "The Indian diamond jewellery market has grown seven and a half fold in the past 15 years,cartier love bracelet white gold diamonds, rising from $400m in 1995 to an estimated $3bn, with gold sales rising by $20bn."

The Indian jeweller's success story has just begun. Indian jewellery retailers have scaled up and have become more professional. Tata Group purchased TanishQ in 1994, opening 150 stores in a 15-year period, while Reliance Jewels, with 24 stores, has plans for a further 100 by 2012. Market analysts further observes that many international brands including Cartier, Bulgari, De Grisogono and Harry Winston have joined the bandwagon by opening up their stores in India .

A fast growing middle class is a testament of India's growing economic stature in the world market. Experts says, the best indication of India's growing impact on the global jewellery scene is the increased number of Indian exhibitors and visitors at all the reputed trade fairs across the globe.

It is not just the jewelry manufacturers who are minting money,cartier love ring gold price, the Indian jewelry exporters too have joined the party. Christmas is round the corner and the buyers in US have begun to stock gold and silver jewelry. The upcoming shopping carnival will surge the demand for jewelry by 15-20 percent.

The US festive season begins with Thanksgiving, reaches its zenith during Christmas and New Year and slows down after Valentine's Day in February. Industry observers say that this season accounts for over 40 per cent of the country's annual jewellery sales. Indian fashion jewelry makers make 40-45 per cent of their annual sales in this season (which would further increase this year). It seems like finally the Indian jewelry juggernaut is on the roll !

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How To Sell Watch Or Jewellery Items Online

By Gareth Hoyle on May 04, 2011
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There are many items lying around most peoples' homes that no longer have a use or hold real value for the current owner. However, that doesn't mean that somebody somewhere wouldn't love to buy watch or jewellery items that you no longer want or need. This gives you the opportunity to make some quick cash simply by selling something you no longer need. If the watch is from one of the top brands or is made from gold or other precious metals then you could make a lot more than you might imagine too.

When you sell a watch you can use the money that you raise for any purpose. Whether you need to pay a bill, get repairs done on your car or home, or you want to use the money to buy a new watch or another item for yourself then you can do that. Selling jewellery and watches offers you flexible access to money that is rightfully yours.

When you come to sell watch models online, you will find that the best prices are typically reserved for watches made by the big manufacturers. Rolex watches,14k yellow gold cartier love bracelet, for example, have a huge following. They have long been creating some of the best looking,cartier love ring rose gold price, most highly sought after, and most innovative watches and this is why they remain both popular and expensive today.

There are, of course, other very popular brands too. Breitling and Cartier are among two of the luxury watch brands that also attract big price tags. Unfortunately, with the hefty price tags comes a massive following from scammers and fakers, so you do need to ensure that your watch is genuine in order to avoid disappointment. An online buyer worth their salt will certainly do this when you send your watch in for valuation.

When you sell a watch you can receive the money from the sale very quickly. This makes it a great way to raise cash for any purpose and it means that you no longer need to sit around looking at your old Cartier watch and wondering what to do with it.

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Executive Portfolio Bags

By Foster Muni on January 31, 2011
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Helping you projecting yourself as complete professional Now, Executive portfolio bags are not only the need but has become the style statement. While attending any office meeting, conference or appointment executive portfolio bag is the side fashion accessory that expresses your professionalism and increase your value gracefully. In other word we can consider these bags as the professional accomplice that dignified your job or business profile. You are available with various designs, colors, size,cartier love bracelet silver price, material and price in these Bags to choose from.

If you deals with much documentation works than you need to go for the spacious one. Though,cartier love bangle, these Executive portfolio bags solve your professional as well as personal purposes. It is advisable to go for the piece of bag that suits best with his/her personality and for the brand. A branded bag ensures you the quality and durability of the bag. However, brand name is little expensive but returns the worth of your every single penny. Durability is the key factor while purchasing the executive portfolio bags therefore leather name comes first. There are different type of bags are available like leather portfolio bags, leather portfolio case, leather briefcase, leather messenger bags. These bags have got long-life with strong stitches and fine zips. You will find number of portfolio bags models like LPT139, LPT155, LPT251 and many more. LPT169 leather bag made up of Camilo leather and available in three colors: Tan, Black & Brown. These bags are ideal for business & travel purposes.

These bags have got elegant dimension of 15"x11"x4.3" along with front & back spacious compartments with outside push lock closure, penholder for two pens, credit card slot,PDA pocket and cell phone. Similarly, LPT155 has Sienna as the raw material that comes with dimension of 15"x11.5"x3.5" in three shades: Noir Black and Tuscany. It is a deluxe leather bag, which has got matte silver finish hardware that creates unique style statement. And LPT251 has camilo leather with three colors: Black, Brown and Tan and enough spacious interior of storage of good number of documents and things. You just need to naaptol, if you are looking for quality Executive Bags

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The Best Gift-Cartier Jewelry

By Smith Aurora on January 11, 2011
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Author of this article does not allow you to republish/reprint this article without written consent.

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Best Christmas Handbags

By Chaudhary Fahim on January 01, 2011
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Just a few days remained for Merry Christmas. Thousands of people are buying and selling different types of goods and accessories in order to celebrate their Merry Christmas occasion with full of passions and enthusiasms. One of the hottest Christmas accessories at the moment is handbags. Stunningly handbags have become a huge demand for the people especially on this Merry Christmas occasion. Handbags are very hot and colorful bags. They appear in amazingly engraved styles and textures shapes so as to attract the attentions of the ladies.

More appealingly, handbags appear in graphical fashions in order to attract your attentions. Look wise, ladies Christmas handbags are very scorching and glossy handbags. One of the most impeccable Christmas handbags for the ladies is typically known as Cartier handbag. This is really an enchanting lady handbag particularly for this Merry Christmas time. Second most immaculate Christmas bag for the fashion girls is called as Mont Blanc handbag which cannot only boost up your actual shapes but also please your minds impeccably. Third most stunning Merry Christmas purse is characteristically known as Hermes purse which has captivated huge attentions of the young, hot and sizzling ladies throughout the world.

Talking about fourth most booming Christmas bag for the juvenile ladies, it is none other than Louis Vuitton handbag. It is a very durable, colorful, and immaculate bag especially for the hot women on this Merry Christmas occasion. When it comes to the fifth most gorgeous looking Christmas handbag, it is called as Fossil handbag. Again it is very unique, colorful and versatile bag for the fashionable ladies in the world today. As far as the sixth most wonderful Merry Christmas handbag it is none other than Michael Kors handbag.

One of the most amazing styles of Michael Kors handbag is its black color, catching your eyes beyond your expectations. Another most immaculate handbag for your happy Merry Christmas is undoubtedly known as March Jacob handbag. This is a very sturdy as well as lifelong accessory for the women. Talking about Coach Handbag, it is the best Christmas handbag for the fashion girls. Besides,cartier love bangle white gold, there are many other types of Merry Christmas handbags available out there, including Jimmy Choo handbags, Ferrari handbags, Gucci handbags, Prada purses, Chanel handbags and many more. Amazingly online handbags shop offers you the best Christmas handbags within most affordable price rates.

In short,cartier love ring rose gold, those are certainly the most immaculate and versatile handbags for your Merry Christmas. They are very matchless and colorful bags. That is why online bags shop offers you compatible handbags during your happy Merry Christmas occasion all over the world.

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